In Order to evaluated resistance to yellow rust in some doubled haploid lines and their parents in the spring hexaploid wheat, fourty doubled haploid lines together with their parents (Ghods, 9106 and 6605), and two cultivars Bolani (Susceptible check) and Triticum spelta var. album (Resistant check) in a randomized block design with three replications were tested in the greenhouse conditions in seedling stage to four races 134E134A+ , 38E2A- , 7E18A- and 230E62A+ of yellow rust. Resistance components measured were latent period (L. P.) and infection type (I. T.). The results showed that, some doubled haploid lines were resistant to the races of yellow rust, e.g. line (GH 91) DH3 was resistant (I. T. = 2) to race 134E134A+ , in spite of the susceptibility of both parents.

Background and purpose: Mosquito-borne diseases are serious health problems in many countries around the world, and the widespread distribution of their vectors has a major impact on the transmission and spread of these diseases. Mosquitoes play a key role in transmitting arboviruses such as West Nile, Dengue Fever, Chikungunya, Sindbis, Zika, Rift Valley Fever, Batai virus, Usutu virus, East Horse Encephalitis (EEE), and West Nile Virus (WNV), and also some suspected emerging viral agents, such as SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent of COVID-19) and the Zika virus in the world. There are several methods for mosquito larval control. An important challenge in mosquitoes control programs is their resistance to different groups of insecticides. The ultrasonic device is a novel and naturally friendly approach for controlling insecticide resistance mosquitoes. Materials and methods: In this study, Ultrasonic TI-H5 device of Elma Company were used against 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens under laboratory condition. Different variables including,Electrical power (50, 100, 200, 250 watts), and exposure times (1, 2. 5, 5, 10, 15 minutes) at two frequencies of 35, and 130 Kilohertz were employed. Results: Mortality of 4th instar larvae at 35 KHz and different exposure times with specific Electronic power was 100%. In 130 KHz with increasing exposure time, the mortality was increased. Conclusion: Insecticides are one of the causes of environmental and water pollution. Also, due to the resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides, the new safe, cost-effective and effective method in integrated pest management programs is the control of mosquito larvae using ultrasonic waves.

Background and Objectives: Yellow rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat that the pathogen populations have many pathotypies in different environmental conditions and during different years. This study was conducted to identify the pathotypes of wheat yellow rust in different environmental conditions and during two successive years.Material and Methods: In spring of 2008 and 2009, 29 isolates of wheat yellow rust leaves were collected from different parts of Iran base on the dispersion and the different environmental conditions. Urediniospores of collected leaves were multiplied on Bolani under greenhouse conditions and then pathotypes, virulence factors and frequency were detected base on inoculated differential sets responses to each isolates.Results: Among 29 collected isolates, 19 pathotypes were identified. In some regions similar pathotypes observed including 6E2A+, 6E6A+, 6E130A+ and 6E150A+. In 2008, the most and the least virulence potency related to isolates Ahvaz2 and Gharakhil that could overcome 12 and 5 resistance genes of the host plant, respectively. In 2009, the most and the least virulence potency related to isolates from BayekolaII, ToroghII, Borojerd and ZarghanII that could overcome 10 and 4 resistance genes of the host plant, respectively. In two years, the majority of isolates with a high frequency percent showed virulence on plant/s with Yr2, Yr2+, Yr7, Yr7+ and YrA genes. No virulence was detected on plant/s with Yr 1, 3, 4, 5, 9+, 10, 15, CV, SP, SU and ND genes.Conclusion: Considering the fact that no virulence was detected for plant/s with Yr1, Yr3, Yr4 and Yr10 genes, these genes can be used in wheat breeding programs in all regions of Iran to control wheat yellow rust.

The olfactory responses and biological attributes of Trichogramma evanescens (Te) and T. brassicae (Tb) were studied at laboratory conditions. Odor treatments included Carob moth eggs and healthy and infested pomegranate crown and seed and healthy and artificially damaged leaves. The olfactory apparatus consisted of a Y shape glass tube with 30° angle. Ninety mated females (0–24 hrs. old) of each species were exposed to the selected odor and clean air in 3 replications (each 30 wasps as one replication). In addition, biological characteristics of wasps were determined on Carob moth eggs using two sex age–staged life table approach. Olfactory results revealed that Te wasps significantly responded to the odors of Carob moth eggs and healthy and infested pomegranate crown and seed over clean air. In contrary, Tb wasps did not respond positively toward any tested odor. Considering biological trait investigations, Te male and female immature stage took 10.70 and 10.52 days being significantly shorter compared with that of Tb male (11.20 days) and female (10.95 days), respectively. Adult female Te had 3 days longevity which was one day longer than that of Tb wasps (2 days). The net reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of population increase of Te and Tb wasps were 16.56 offspring and 0.2337 day–1 and 15.20 offspring and 0.2220 day–1, respectively. Eventually, the transformation rate of host to parasitoid egg (Qp) was equal to 1 for both species. In order to select superior natural enemy candidates for biological control programs, the possibility of using fast olfactory tests instead of time consuming biological studies is discussed.

The olfactory responses and biological attributes of Trichogramma evanescens (Te) and T. brassicae (Tb) were studied at laboratory conditions. Odor treatments included Carob moth eggs and healthy and infested pomegranate crown and seed and healthy and artificially damaged leaves. The olfactory apparatus consisted of a Y shape glass tube with 30° angle. Ninety mated females (0–24 hrs. old) of each species were exposed to the selected odor and clean air in 3 replications (each 30 wasps as one replication). In addition, biological characteristics of wasps were determined on Carob moth eggs using two sex age–staged life table approach. Olfactory results revealed that Te wasps significantly responded to the odors of Carob moth eggs and healthy and infested pomegranate crown and seed over clean air. In contrary, Tb wasps did not respond positively toward any tested odor. Considering biological trait investigations, Te male and female immature stage took 10.70 and 10.52 days being significantly shorter compared with that of Tb male (11.20 days) and female (10.95 days), respectively. Adult female Te had 3 days longevity which was one day longer than that of Tb wasps (2 days). The net reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of population increase of Te and Tb wasps were 16.56 offspring and 0.2337 day–1 and 15.20 offspring and 0.2220 day–1, respectively. Eventually, the transformation rate of host to parasitoid egg (Qp) was equal to 1 for both species. In order to select superior natural enemy candidates for biological control programs, the possibility of using fast olfactory tests instead of time consuming biological studies is discussed.

Background and Objectives: exploration of factors associated with re-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be helpful in prevention of disease and reduce the burden of tuberculosis on health care system. This study was designed to identify factors associated with re-infection of tuberculosis in patients with sputum smears positive pulmonary tuberculosis in five bordering provinces of Iran.Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study that performed of 2010-2012, different and clinical, socio economical factors were evaluated to identify influencing factors on re-infection. Data were gathered from questionnaires and survey of medical records. Data were analyzed by statistical methods.Results: In 300 studied patients with average age 51.9±24.2 years. 7.2% of patients were diagnosed with re-infection. 64% of patients were in low-income classes, (10.6%) of patients had concomitant renal diseases, 10.2% had diabetes, and 9.8% of patients had liver dysfunction. In multiple analysis, migration from rural to urban areas (P=0.31) and weight loss (P=0.42) were significantly associated with increased risk re-infection.Conclusion: Compared to global reports recurrence rate in our cohort was in a moderate degree. Future studies should be done to identify the influential environmental and socioeconomic factors that affect the M. tuberculosis in re-infection.